KANDAKARI CHUNDA

SI Name: Solanum xanthocarpum

Family: Solanaceae

Types:

Ayurvedic texts mention three varieties of the plant viz. violet flowered, yellow flowered and white flowered called as 'laksmana' , which is rare. Kantakari is bitter and pungent in taste, pungent in the post digestive effect and has hot potency. It alleviates kapha and vata doshas. It possesses light and dry attributes. It is useful in the diseases like bronchial asthma, cough, worms etc. The fruits facilitate the seminal ejaculation, alleviate worms, itching, and fever and reduce fats.

Sanskrit Name:

Kandakari, Nidigdhika, Dushparsa, Khudrakantha, Bahu kantha, Vyaghree, Kalee.

General Discription:

Kantakari enjoys an important place among medicinal herbs, (especially, for the treatment of cough).in India since ancient times. This prickly herb has various synonyms in Ayurvedic texts portraying the peculiarities of its prickles viz.dushsparsa – difficult to touch, bahu kanta of many prickles, ksudrakanta having small prickles etc. Caraka and Susruta, the great sages, have mentioned the plant to have multiple medicinal properties, in Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhita respectively. Bhavamisra specially mentions the plant as useful in facilitating conception. Acarya Vagbhata has adored it as a drug of choice for cough. Maharsi Caraka has categorized it as kasahara anti tussive, kanthya beneficial for the throat, hikka nigrahana – alleviates hiccup, sitaprasamana relieves cold sensation, sotha hara relieves edema and sita pitta prasamana anti urticaria. Kantakari is one of the herbs from the group laghu pancamulas – five minor roots, viz. salaparni, prsniparni, brhati, kantakari and goksura.

Distribution:
The plant occurs throughout India, often in waste places, on roadsides and in open scrublands.

Morfology:

It is a prickly, usually spreading or diffused perennial, woody at base. The young branches are densely covered with minute star-shaped hairs. The branches zigzag, spread close to the ground are covered with yellow, sharp, shining prickles, about 1.5 cm long. The leaves are up to 10 cm in length, their midribs and other nerves with sharp yellow prickles. The flowers are purple, about 2 cm long, few together in small bunch opposite the leaves. The fruits are glabrous, globular drooping berries, 1.5-2 cm, yellow or pale with green veins.

Chemical contutuents:

A glucoalkaloid termed solanocarpine is found in the fruits. A sterol known as carpesterol and solanocarpidine are also present. Potassium nitrate, a fatty acid, a resinous and phenolic substance, diosgenin and sitosterol are present. Dry fruits contain traces of isochlorogenic, neochronogenic, chronogenic and caffeic acids. Solasodine, solasonine, solamargine and solamargine are present in fruits of Nepalese plant. Quercetin isolated together with apigenin and sitosterol.

Rasadi Gunas:

Rasam: Thiktham, Katu

Gunam: Snigdham, Teekshnam, Saram, Lakhu

Veeryam: Ushnam

Vipakam: Katu

Uses :

Fruits eaten as an anthelmintic and for indigestion. Root is an expectorant, used in Ayurvedic medicine for cough, asthma and chest pain. Also used for flatulence, sore throat, and toothache. Has high concentration of solasodine, a starting material for the manufacture of cortisone and sex hormones. It cures asthma, cough, bronchspasm, sore throat, constipation, an effective expectorant and diuretic.

Bhavamisra, an ancient physician, mentions it as promoting conception in females. Given with honey, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), datura (Datura metal), and black pepper it can be effective in cases of bronchial asthma. Stem, flowers and fruits are bitter and carminative and are prescribed for relief in burning sensation in the feet. Leaves are applied locally to relieve pain.

Parts Used:

Fruits, Wholeplant

Classical Ayurvedic Preparations:
>Kantakari ghrta
>Kantakari avaleha
>Kantakari kalpa
>Vyaghri taila
>Dasamularista
>Vyaghriharitaki
>Kanakasava
>Nidigdhadi
>Kvatha etc.

Palaka payyani

In Ayurveda, it is included in sopha hara and vathahara drugs.

SI Name: Oroxylum indicum
Family: Bignoniaceae

General discription:
Oroxylum Indicum Vent., a member of family Bignoniaceae is mostly sighted along the river banks or slopes of the hills. Except in the western drier area, the plant is distributed throughout India and South East Asia. The use of this plant for the treatment of various ailments is part of the local tribal communities’ knowledge of various tribes in Manipur such as Anal, Kuki, Mao, Maram, Tanghkul and Zeliangrong.

Sanskrit Name:
Syonakam, Sodana, Deergha vriksha, Pruthu sumbha, Dundukam.

Distribution:
It is mostly seen in Rain forests.

The medicinal properties of Oroxylum indicum:
The decoction of the bark is taken for curing gastric ulcer and a paste made of the bark powder is applied for mouth cancer, scabies and other skin diseases. The seed is ground with fire-soot and the paste applied to the neck for quick relief of tonsil pain. Also, a paste made of the bark is applied to the wounds of animals to kill maggots. Decoction of the bark is given to animals for de-worming. The sword-like fruit or a branch of the plant is used by the farmers to kill crabs in wet paddy fields.

Potential anti-cancer properties:
During a botanical exploration tour to Senapati district (1999) which is situated in the northern part of Manipur, Mr.A.A.Mao of the Botanical Survey of India, learned from Maram Naga villagers that a man of about 50 years of age, Pashi Maram had been diagnosed with cancer in 1995. He underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for one month and his family was informed that due to the advanced stage of the disease, he would live a maximum of six months more. On the advice of a Tangkhul Naga whom he had met in Imphal, Pashi Maram then took an herbal decoction of the bark of Oroxylum indicum. Surprisingly after coming home, he led a normal life till 2000 with intakes of only pain relief medicines and analgesics along with the herbal medicine. But in January, 2001 he passed away.
RasadiGunas:
Rasam: Tiktham, Kashayam, Madhuram
Gunam: Lakhu, Rooksham
Veeryam: Ushnam
Vipakam: Katu

Useful parts:
Root, Bark

PAATHIRI

SI Name: Stereospermum suaveolens
Family: Bignoniaceae

Sanscrit names:
Paadala, Krishnavrinda, Tamrapushpi, Kuberakshi, Madhubhoothi.

Distribution:
Seen in Kerala forests.

Rasadi Gunas:
Rasam: Thiktham, Kashayam
Gunam: Lakhu, Rooksham
Veeryam: Ushnam
Vipakam: Katu

Useful part:
Root, Flower, Bark

Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plant Stereospermum suaveolens in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats:


The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic in addition to antioxidant effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by acute and subacute models at dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, given orally. The ethanol extract showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels when compared to the standard drug, oral Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg body weight). The serum of rats treated with ethanol extract showed decreased levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased level of total proteins. EESS showed reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and significantly increased the body weight (P < .001), glycogen, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, compared with STZ diabetic control in a dose-dependent manner. This finding shows that the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens exhibits potent antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties.

KUMIZHU

SI Name: Gmelina arborea
Family: Verbenaceae

Distribution:
Almost all forests in India.Mostly seen in watery areas of hills and valleys.Native to tropical moist forest from India, Burma, and Sri Lanka to southern China, Gmelina is widely introduced, e.g. in Brazil, Gambia, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Malawi, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines, and Sierra Leone

Morphology:
Deciduous tree 12–30 m high and 60–100 cm in diameter. Bark light gray or gray-yellow, smooth, thin, somewhat corking, becoming brown and rough; twigs stout, often slightly 4-angled. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 10–20 cm long, 7–13 cm wide; base with 2–4 glands beneath, acuminate, entire, with 3 or 5 main veins from near base and 2–5 pairs of side veins, underneath velvety with yellow-brown hairs. Petiole 5–12 cm long, hairy. Cymes paniculate at ends of twigs, 15–30 cm long, branched, densely hairy. Flowers many, short-stalked, nodding, 4 cm long, densely hairy. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 mm long, 5-toothed; corolla bright orange-yellow or brownish-yellow, with short narrow tube, 2-lipped; stamens 4 in 2 pairs inserted near base of tube. Pistil with elliptical 4-celled ovary having 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma often slightly 2–4-forked. Drupes ovate or pyriform, 2–2.5 cm long, smooth, becoming orange-yellow, pulpy, with large egg-shaped stone, having 1–4 cells. Seeds 1–4 (Little, 1983).

Chemical constitutions:
The drupes are reported to contain butyric acid traces of tartaric acid and resinous and saccharine matter, the latter two also in the roots, which contain traces of benzoic acid. Root cotained alkaloids, benzoic acid, etc. Fruit contained sugar, tartaric acid, alkaloids.

Rasadi Gunas:
Rasam: Tiktham, Kashayam, Madhuram
Gunam: Guru
Veeryam: Ushnam
Vipakam: Katu

DEVADARU

According to Hindu mithology it is considering as a holly tree.

SI Name: Cedrus deodara Roxb.

Family: Pinaceae

Sanskrit Names:

Devatharu, Suradharu, Bhadradharu, Devakaashtam, Amaradasa, Paribhadra, Snehavriksha, Mahachadha:

Rasadi Gunas:

Rasam: THiktham, Katu

Gunam :Lakhu, Snigdham

Veeryam : Ushnam

Vipakam: Katu

MORPHOLOGY:

Leaf:

Evergreen needles, dark green but may have some silvery bloom giving them a blue-green color; 1 to 2 inches long, sharp pointed; occur singly on new growth and than later on spur shoots; remaining on the tree for 3 to 6 years.

Flower:

Monoecious; male cones 2 to 3 inches long on the lower parts of crown; female cones erect, purplish, occur on upper portions of crown.

Fruit:

Upright cones, 3 to 4 inches long and 3 inches across; deciduous scales; initially green and purplish, then later turning a reddish brown when mature, usually resinous.

Twig:

Slender, with numerous short spur shoots, branches droop with age; buds are very small and round.

Bark:

Initially smooth and gray-brown, later developing short furrows with scaly ridge tops.

Form:

Young trees have a broad pyramidal crown that becomes wider with age; branch tips and leaders droop and have a fine texture. In the landscape it can reach 80 feet tall but becomes much taller in its native range.

Useful part: heart wood, oil

FERULA ASAFOETIDA

Botanical name:Ferula asafoetida
Family:Apiaceae

Asafoetida General Information

From early times, Asafoetida has been held in great esteem amongst indigenous Indian medicine men. It is the pungent odor of this resin that is the cause for some of its strange names, such as Devil’s Dung, Stinking Gum, Asant, Food of the Gods, Hing, Hingu, Heeng and Giant Fennel. The name Asafoetida is derived from the Persian word for “resin” and the Latin word for “stinking”. The herb is a native of Persia, but has been cultivated in Europe and India for over 2,000 years. Asafoetida is grown mostly in Iran and Afghanistan from where it is exported to the rest of the world.

The juice of the plant is not collected till the plant is at least four years old. In the spring, March/April, just before the flowering occurs, the stalks are cut close to the root. The plant can yield up to 2lbs of resin out of the root once it is pulled out and dried up.

morphology

It is a perennial fennel that grows wild to 12ft high, in large natural forests where little else grows. It has fine leaves and yellow flowers. The roots are thick and pulpy and also yield a similar resin to that of the stems, it is said the roots look like “carrots”. All parts of the plant have a distinctive stinky smell.

Asafoetida Uses & Scientific Evidence For

In Ayurvedic medicine, Asafoetida is used to treat hysteria, nervous disorders, flatulence, flatulent colic, digestion, and spasmodic affections of the bowels. It is also used to treat whooping cough, pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma as well. In Ayurvedic, Western, and Chinese medicine this resin is effective in treating worms and other intestinal parasites. Asafoetida has reputation for expelling wind from the stomach and relieves stomach spasms. In the 19th century it was commonly used to treat hysterical women with mood swings, depression, a digestive weakness. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is highly regarded as a condiment and medicinal remedy for various conditions. Traditional Chinese herbalists say this resin enters the liver, spleen, and stomach channels where it stimulates the intestinal, respiratory, and nervous systems. Asafoetida has digestive, sedative, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, emmenagogue (promoting menstrual discharge), and vermifuge (expelling worms or other parasites in the intestines) properties

Asafoetida Dosage Information

Asafoetida comes in various forms and is an ingredient in many products. For best results, read and follow product label directions.

Used plant part

The milk juice (obtained from the root), which becomes a brown, resin-like mass after drying. The trading form is either the pure resin or so-called com­pounded asafetida which is a fine powder consisting to more than 50% of rice flour and gum arabic to prevent lumping. The advantage of the compounded form is that is is easier to dose.

VALSANABHI

It is included in "SAPTHOPAVISHA". It is used for medicine after its purification.


SI Name: Aconitum ferox
Family: rananculaceae

Distribution:
Himachal pradesh, Panchab, Sikkim, etc

Chemical constituents:
Root contains a toxin called sudakonitine.

Rasadi gunas:
Rasam: Madhuram
Gunam: Rooksham, Theekshnam, Lakhu,Vyavaayi,Vikasi
Veeryam: Ushnam
Vipakam:Madhuram

Useful parts: Root(rizome)

HELMINTHIASIS

Helminthiasis is infestation with one or more intestinal parasitic worms (roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), or hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale)).

Infected people excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation. Other people can then be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms).

Infestation can cause morbidity, and sometimes death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, inducing tissue reactions, such as granuloma, and provoking intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse. Control of helminthiasis is based on drug treatment, improved sanitation and health education.




RELATED SITES
- Soil-transmitted helminths - Partners for Parasite Control - Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)
PUBLICATIONS
- Information resources: intestinal worms
RELATED LINKS
- WHO Global Databank on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths

HELMINTHIASIS

Helminthiasis is infestation with one or more intestinal parasitic worms (roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), or hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale)).

Infected people excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation. Other people can then be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms).

Infestation can cause morbidity, and sometimes death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, inducing tissue reactions, such as granuloma, and provoking intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse. Control of helminthiasis is based on drug treatment, improved sanitation and health education.





related links
- WHO Global Databank on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths
- Soil-transmitted helminths
- Partners for Parasite Control
- Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)

PSORIASIS

What is psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a noncontagious common skin condition that causes rapid skin cell reproduction resulting in red, dry patches of thickened skin. The dry flakes and skin scales are thought to result from the rapid buildup of skin cells. Psoriasis commonly affects the skin of the elbows, knees, and scalp.

Some people have such mild psoriasis (small, faint dry skin patches) that they may not even suspect that they have a medical skin condition. Others have very severe psoriasis where virtually their entire body is fully covered with thick, red, scaly skin.

Psoriasis is considered a non-curable, long-term (chronic) skin condition. It has a variable course, periodically improving and worsening. Sometimes psoriasis may clear for years and stay in remission. Some people have worsening of their symptoms in the colder winter months. Many people report improvement in warmer months, climates, or with increased sunlight exposure.

Psoriasis is seen worldwide, in all races, and both sexes. Although psoriasis can be seen in people of any age, from babies to seniors, most commonly patients are first diagnosed in their early adult years.

Patients with more severe psoriasis may have social embarrassment, job stress, emotional distress, and other personal issues because of the appearance of their skin.

What causes psoriasis?

The exact cause remains unknown. There may be a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental factors. It is common for psoriasis to be found in members of the same family. The immune system is thought to play a major role. Despite research over the past 30 years looking at many triggers, the "master switch" that turns on psoriasis is still a mystery.

Psoriasis is not contagious. You cannot get psoriasis from touching someone who has psoriasis, swimming in the same pool, or even intimate contact. Psoriasis is much more complex.

So complex, in fact, scientists are still studying what happens when psoriasis develops. We know that the person’s immune system and genes play key roles. In studying the immune system, scientists discovered that when a person has psoriasis, the T cells (a type of white blood cell that fights unwanted invaders such as bacteria and viruses) mistakenly trigger a reaction in the skin cells. This is why you may hear psoriasis referred to as a “T cell-mediated disease.”

This reaction activates a series of events, causing new skin cells to form in days rather than weeks. The reason T cells trigger this reaction seems to lie in our DNA. People who develop psoriasis inherit genes that cause psoriasis. Unlike some autoimmune conditions, it appears that many genes are involved in psoriasis.

Scientists are still trying to identify all of the genes involved. One of the genes that has been identified is called PSORS1 (SORE-ESS-1). This is one of several genes that regulates how the immune system fights infection.

Scientists also have learned that not everyone who inherits genes for psoriasis gets psoriasis. For psoriasis to appear, it seems that a person must inherit the “right” mix of genes and be exposed to a trigger. Some common triggers are a stressful life event, skin injury, and having strep throat. Many people say that that their psoriasis first appeared after experiencing one of these. Triggers are not universal. What triggers psoriasis in one person may not cause psoriasis to develop in another.

Who gets psoriasis?

People worldwide develop psoriasis. In the United States, nearly 7 million people have psoriasis and about 150,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Studies indicate that psoriasis develops about equally in males and females. Research also shows that Caucasians develop psoriasis more frequently than other races. A study conducted in the United States found the prevalence was 2.5% in Caucasians and 1.3% in African Americans.

A family history of psoriasis seems to increase the risk of developing psoriasis. It is important to know that a family history of psoriasis does not guarantee that someone will develop psoriasis.

When do people get psoriasis?
Psoriasis can begin at any age, from infancy through the golden years. There are, however, times when psoriasis is most likely to develop. Most people first see psoriasis between 15 and 30 years of age. About 75% develop psoriasis before they turn 40. Another common time for psoriasis to begin is between 50 and 60 years of age.

Does psoriasis affect quality of life?

For some people, psoriasis is a nuisance. Others find that psoriasis affects every aspect of their daily life. The unpredictable nature of psoriasis may be the reason. Psoriasis is a chronic (lifelong) medical condition. Some people have frequent flare-ups that occur weekly or monthly. Others have occasional flare-ups.

When psoriasis flares, it can cause severe itching and pain. Sometimes the skin cracks and bleeds. When trying to sleep, cracking and bleeding skin can wake a person frequently and cause sleep deprivation. A lack of sleep can make it difficult to focus at school or work. Sometimes a flare-up requires a visit to a dermatologist for additional treatment. Time must be taken from school or work to visit the doctor and get treatment.

These cycles of flare-ups and remissions often lead to feelings of sadness, despair, guilt and anger as well as low self-esteem. Depression is higher in people who have psoriasis than in the general population. Feelings of embarrassment also are common.

Knowledge is power

As psoriasis is a life-long condition, it is important to take an active role in managing it. Learning more about psoriasis, seeing a dermatologist to discuss treatment options, and developing a healthy lifestyle can help people live life to the fullest.




References:
Callis Duffin K, Wong B, Horn EJ et al. “Psoriatic arthritis is a strong predictor of sleep interference in patients with psoriasis.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009; 60: 604-8.

Gelfand JM, Stern RS, Nijsten T et al. “The prevalence of psoriasis in African Americans: results from a population-based study.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005; 52: 23-6.

Gudjonsson JE and Elder JT. “Psoriasis.” In: Wolff, K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, et al. (editors) Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Medical; 2008. p. 169-93.

Nair RP, Stuart PE, Nistor I et al. “Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene.” American Journal of Human Genetics 2006; 78: 827-51.

MUNJA

Included in "Dasamoola".Othervise known as "Agnimandha".

SI Name:Premna integrifolia.

Family:Verbenaceae.

RASADI GUNAS:

Rasam: Kadu,Tiktham,Madhuram.

Gunam: Laghu.

Veeryam: Ushnam.

Vipakam: Madhuram.

OUSHADHA GUNAM:

Vatha,Amavatha, Kapha roga, Nadeesoola, Agnimandyam, Vibandham, Prathisyayam - Nasanam.

DANDRUFF

Dandruff affects the scalp and causes flakes of skin to appear - it is a common condition. Our skin cells are forever renewing themselves. When the skin cells on our scalp are renewed the old ones are pushed to the surface and out of the scalp. For a person with dandruff the renewal is faster, meaning more dead skin is shed, making the dandruff more noticeable. Dandruff can also occur if the scalp is frequently exposed to extreme temperatures. Dandruff is also known as scurf - its medical term is Pityriasis capitis.The word dandruff comes from (most likely) dand (origin unknown) and E. Anglian (England) dialect huff, hurf, meaning "scab". This is probably linked to the Old Norse word hrufa, meaning "scab". The Old High German word hruf means "scurf". According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, dandruff is "The presence, in varying amounts, of white or gray scales in the hair of the scalp, due to excessive or normal branny exfoliation of the epidermis."

Seborrheic dermatitis

This is a skin condition in which the skin becomes inflamed or flaky. Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp is a severe form of dandruff. When it affects the scalp most people refer to it as dandruff. When babies have it, it is referred to as cradle cap. Seborrheic dermatitis causes larger, greasier flakes than most other types of dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis affects not only the scalp, but the skin in other parts of the body too.

What are the signs and symptoms of dandruff?

There are while flakes of skin on the scalp, and in the person's hair
Flakes may be oily looking
Head may feel tight and itchy
Head may feel tingly
Head may feel sore
Red, flaky, greasy patches of skin (adults, Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp in adults)
Crusting and scaling rash on scalp (babies with Seborrheic dermatitis, or cradle cap)

Most cases of dandruff do not require a visit to the doctor. However, those who still find themselves scratching their scalp, if parts of the scalp become red or swollen, after a few weeks of self-treatment should see their doctor. The person may have severe seborrheic dermatitis or another condition that has dandruff symptoms.

What causes dandruff?

The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown. Most experts do know, though, that it is not caused by poor hygiene.

-Not enough hair brushing - People who do not comb/brush their hair regularly have a slightly higher risk of having dandruff - this is because they are not aiding the shedding of skin that combing/brushing provides.

-Yeast - People who are sensitive to yeast have a slightly higher risk of having dandruff, so it is logical to assume that yeast may play a part. Yeast-sensitive people who get dandruff find that it gets better during the warmer months and worse during the winter. UVA light from the sun counteracts the yeast. Some say, though, that during winter the skin is drier because of cold air and overheated rooms (exposure to extreme temperatures), making dandruff more likely. So, it is sometimes not that easy to know whether it is yeast or just dry skin.

-Dry skin - people with dry skin tend to get dandruff more often. Winter cold air, combined with overheated rooms is a common cause of itchy, flaking skin. People with dandruff caused by dry skin tend to have small flakes of dandruff; the flakes are not oily.
Seborrheic dermatitis (irritated, oily skin) - People with seborrheic dermatitis are very prone to dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis affects many areas of the skin, including the backs of the ears, the breastbone, eyebrows, and the sides of the nose, not just the scalp. The patient will have red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales.

-Not enough shampooing - some people say that if you don't shampoo enough there can be a buildup of oil and dead skin cells, causing dandruff. However, many experts doubt this is true.
Certain skin conditions - People with psoriasis, eczema and some other skin disorders tend to get dandruff much more frequently than other people.

-Some illnesses - Adults with Parkinson's disease and some other neurological illnesses are more prone to having dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Patients recovering from heart attacks and strokes, and some people with weak immune systems may have dandruff more often than other people.

-Reaction to hair/skin care products - Some people react to some hair care products with a red, itchy, scaling scalp. Many experts say that shampooing too often may cause dandruff as it can irritate the scalp.

-Malassezia - Malassezia is a fungus that lives on everybody's scalp. Generally, it will cause no problems at all. However, it can grow out of control. It feeds on the oils our hair follicles secrete. When this happens the scalp can become irritated and produces extra skin cells. These extra skin cells die and fall off; they mix with the oil from the hair and scalp, and turn into what we see as dandruff.

-Diet - Some experts say that people who do not consume enough foods that contain zinc, B vitamins, and some types of fats are more prone to dandruff.

-Mental stress - Experts believe there is a link between stress and many skin problems.

-HIV - A study found that 10.6% of people with HIV have seborrheic dermatitis.

Complications

A person with dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis will hardly every experience complications. If one were to occur, it would more likely to be caused by one of the dandruff treatments. If you find one of your dandruff shampoos, or scalp treatments is causing irritation, stop using it and ask your pharmacist to suggest another one.

Bacteria can get in under your skin if there is a break on the skin of the scalp. If this happens, and you feel unwell, or that area of skin is red, tender and swollen, go and see your doctor.

BREAST GROWTH ENHANCER

Breast Growth Enhancer


(Stana Vriddhikar And Stana Dadhyakar Yoga)

There are few herbal formulations described in Ayurveda, which are specifically used for proper development of breast and tightening of it; e.g.

Methi modaka
Saubhagya sunthi
Mundi tailam and Munditail nasyam
Maricadyam tailam
Dadimadyam tailam
Ksirparni tailam

BEAUTY MANAGEMENT IN AYURVEDA

Beauty Management through Ayurveda

Diet and nutrition
Intake of a balanced diet in terms of nutrients as well as physical form,and its proper digestion and assimilation in the body so that it can nourish all the parts of body to give rise to a healthy body and hence healthy appearance is emphasized in Ayurveda. Since,skin reflects the health of a person, it cannot look healthy and beautiful unless it is properly nourished.

Mode of life
Regular cleansing of body both internal and external as well as of mind (through meditation) helps clear up the toxins of internal as well as external environment along with some toning up procedures for body and skin like regular physical exercise yogasanas (specific body postures),body massage,facial massage,foot massage also enhance the beauty.

Through Social behavior
By following Acara Rasayana one can enjoy positive social life and hence also pleasant psyche.As,good social conduct develops good social atmosphere around a person and this helps keeping positive state of mind as well as social surrounding.In the absence of it person remains tensed leading to vitiation of Vata giving rise to dull and lustreless face, various abnormal presentations like early graying of hair.

Rasayana(Health promoting drugs or measures)
They enhance the quality to each and every tissue of the body bringing about clarity of complexion excellence of lustre,optimum strength of physique, promote growth of hair,make every tissue more enduring towards external pollution and increase their strength and beauty.

Specific Measures For Enhancement Of Different Aspects Of Beauty
There are several topics related to beautification in Ayurveda of which following are described briefly :

1. Skin Care (Varnya)
Varnya is the group of drugs, which have complexion promoting action
Useer(Vetiveria zizanioides)
Sveta candana(Santalum album)
KumKum(Crocus sativus)
Ketaki(Pandanus odorotissimus)
Punnaga(Calophyllum inophyllum)
Padmaka(Prunus cerasoides)
Madhuka(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Manjistha(Rubia cordifolia)
Sariva(Hamidesmus indicus)
Payasya(Ipomoea digitata)
Sita(Cynodon dactylon)
Haridra(Curcuma longa)
In Indian tradition,use of various ointments (lepa) is in customs.Certain herbs and pulses are grinded with simple addition of milk, water or rose water and a face pack is made for promoting complexion.

2. Hair Care (Kesya)
Kesya is the group of herbs and animal products, which have beneficial action on the hair in terms of their length, strength and texture.e.g. Bhringaraj(Eclipta alba),Hasti danta masi(Ash of elephant ivory),Narikela (Cocos nucifera).

3. Hair Dye(Kesa Ranjana)
Hair dyes are very popular since ancient times. Following are well described in Ayurveda
Bhringaraj(Eclipta alba)
SikaKai(Acacia concinna)
Ritha(Sapindus trifoliatus)
Nilini(Indigofera tinctoria)
Amalaki(Emblica officinalis)

4. Eye Care (Netra Prasadana)
Eyes are very important from cosmetic point of view and in Ayurveda there is mention of use of 5 types of collyrium (anjana) to increase the beauty of it.

5. Herbs For Acne(Yuvana Pidika Nasana)
Acne is effectively treated by many herbal formulations. e.g. local application of paste of
Vaca(Acorus calamus),Lodhra(Symplocos racemosa),Saindhava(Rock salt) and Sarsapa (Brassica compestris)

Dhaniya(Coriandrum sativum),Vaca(Acorus calamus),Lodhra(Symplocos racemosa)and Kustha(Saussurea lappa)

Narikel manjari(Twig of Cocos nucifera) and Vata patra(Ficus benghalensis)

Gorocana(Bovine gall stone/Bezoar) and black pepper

Salmali Kantak(Thorn of Salmalia malabarica)

Post inflammatory scars also get cleared by them.

6. Foot Care (Vipadikahara Yoga)
Vipadika (Rhagades)is a disease of palm and sole in which there are many crack marks along their edges.These are effectively treated by vipadikahara taila (an ointment).

7. Deodorants (gandha Dravya)
There are certain herbs, which are used for fragrance and to avoid foul body odour e.g
Sveta candana (Santalum album)
Kumkuma(Crocus sativus)
Distilled products of Rose, Jasmine(Mongra) etc.
These are applied in the form of paste (Alepa) or Arka (Perfumes) over the body.

8. Breast Growth Enhancer (Stana Vriddhikar And Stana Dadhyakar Yoga)
There are few herbal formulations described in Ayurveda, which are specifically used for proper development of breast and tightening of it; e.g.
Methi modaka
Saubhagya sunthi
Mundi tailam and Munditail nasyam
Maricadyam tailam
Dadimadyam tailam
Ksirparni tailam

9. Removal Of Post Pregnancy Stretch Marks (Kikkisa Hara Yoga)
Post pregnancy marks are also a very embarrassing problem for women and to remove it Ayurveda describes few pastes for local application;e.g.
Sveta candana (Santalum album) and mrinala(Nelumbium nuciferum)
Dhataki(Woodfordia fruticosa),Sirisa(Albizia lebbeck), Sarsapa (Brassica campestris) and Usira(Vetiveria zizanioides)
Irrigation of breast and abdomen by decoction of Patola(Tricosanthes dioica), Nimba(Azadirachta indica), Manjistha(Rubia cordifolia) and Surasa (Ocimum sanctum).

10. Cosmetic Correction Of Scar Tissue
The healing of wound always takes place by formation of scar tissue, and some times this scar tissue may lead to bad look when formed over exposed body parts. Susruta the ancient surgeon of India propounded eight unique measures to combat this as given below:
(i) Utsadana – means ‘elevating depressed wounds’ by applying the paste of Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera),Asvgandha(Withania somnifera) with clarified butter and should be taken in diet flesh of carnivorous animals.
(ii) Avsadana – means ‘depressing the raised wounds’ by applying paste of Kasisa(Ferrous sulphate) with honey.
(iii) Mridu karana means ‘softening of the hard wounds’ by blood-letting, unction with warm salty drugs.
(iv) Daruni Karana – means ‘hardening of the soft wounds’ by applying the paste of Dhava(Anogeissus latifolia),Asoka(Saraca asoca),Priyangu(Callicarpa macrophylla),Rohini (Soymida febrifuga),Triphala (three fruits of Emblica officinalis,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellerica),Dhataki flowers (Woodfordia fruticosa),Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa)Sarjarasa (Exudate of Vateria indica).
(v) Krishni Karana – means ‘Blackening of the white scar tissue’ by use of Bhallataka oil(Semicarpus anacardium)mixed with ash of hoofs of domestic and marshy animals.
(vi) Pandu Karma – means ‘whitening of the black scar tissue’ by applying paste of Rohini fruit (Soymida febrifuga)with goat's milk or by applying powder of new earthen ware, roots of Vidula(Barringtonia acutangula) and sarja (Exudates of Vateria indica),Kasisa(Ferrous sulphate) and Madhuka (Madhuca indica) with honey.
(vii) Roma Sanjanana – means ‘enhancing growth of hairs on bare areas’ by applying paste of Ash of elephant tusk and rasanjana.
(viii) Roma Satana – (Depilatory),means removing hairs from unwanted places by applying paste of conch shell,orpiment and sour gruel or Bhallataka oil(Semicarpus anacardium) with latex of Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia).

11. Sandhana vidhi (Cosmetic Surgical Correction)
Susruta, for the first time, explained the techniques of surgical correction (Plastic surgery) of injured and amputated body parts like nose, ear and lips,and the cosmetic correction of developmentally malformed.

TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS

Gokshura ...

Botanical Name Tribulus Terrestris
Common Names: Tribulus, Gokshura
Parts Used: Mainly the fruit

Introduction:

Tribulus is cooling, sweet and strengthening. It is common throughout India and found to be growing as weed along roadside and waste places.
Plant Description: Tribulus is a prostrate, annual herb grows upto 90 cm in length with paripinnate leaves. The flowers are small, yellowish, and solitary. The fruits of tribulus are typically five angled and spinous.

History:

The name "Gokshura" signifies "cow hoof" from its resemblance of the cocci when adhering together in pairs. It is also called "Ikshugandha" for its aroma which resembles the sugarcane.The entire plant but especially the fruit and roots are used in Ayurvedic formulations for Urinary disorders, calculus formation, impotence and other UTI issues.

Chemistry:

The fruits of Tribulus contain alkaloids, resins, tannins, sugars, sterols, essential oil, peroxidase, diastase and glucoside.

Action & Uses of Tribulus:
Tribulus is non-irritant diuretic and urinary antiseptic. It is used in case of dysurea, urinary stone and incontinence of urine.

Tribulus Terrestris is used in various herbal formulas to treat headaches, eye problems such as itching, conjunctivitis and weak vision, and nervousness. It is also used to treat high blood pressure and rib pain.

The hormone balancing effects of Tribulus Terrestris for women makes this herb suitable for premenstrual syndrome and menopausal syndrome.

Tribulus contains Sterols like betasitosterols or stigma. These substances protect the prostate from swelling and in combination with the X steroidal saponins, protect the prostate from cancer.
Tribulus is used in case of impotence and spermaturia as it helps to increase the level of the luteinizing hormone in the body and improved the synthesis of the testicular male sex hormone. So it is being aphrodisiac in nature.

References:
Jayaram, S., et. al. Indian Drugs. 30(10): 498-500, 1993.
Milanov, et. al. Farmatsiya. 37(6): 142, 1987.
Yan, W., et. al. Phytochemistry. 42(5): 1417-1422, 1996.
Traditionally use of Tribulus is found to be effective in case of gout.

KIRATHA THIKTHA

Introduction

It is a principal herb in the domestic medicine called 'Alui', which is given to infants. Both in Ayurveda and Unani, it is confused with 'Chitetta' (Swertia chirata), but both are different plants. It is widely available in Arabia. It is given for fever along with several herbs. It was advertised in England as a substitute for quinine.For centuries, the Ayurvedic practitioners of India have used the roots and leaves of the herb Andrographis paniculata to treat ailments ranging from poor digestion to hepatitis. In the Chinese medical tradition, the plant has been used to treat everything from gastrointestinal complaints to throat infections. Although some early scientific studies suggested that andrographis has a direct antimicrobial action, the weight of clinical evidence now shows that the real value of this ancient herb is as a stimulant for the immune system.

Origin

It grows throughout India from Assam and Himachal Pradesh to all over south India. Grows well in moist and shaded places, but it prefers sunny situations. It is cultivated all over India.

Chemical composition /key active constituents

Bitter diterpenoid lactones, especially deoxy-andrographolide, andrographolide and
ncoandrographolide have been isolated from the whole plant and leaves.

Flavonoids available in the roots.

The main active constituents and marker compounds are considered to be the andrographolides and andrographis extracts are often standardized to these compounds.

Pharmacology

It increases biliary flow and liver weight in rat. Andrographolide produces a significant dose dependent choleretic effect, as evidence by increase in bile flow, bile salt and bile acids in conscious rats and anaesthetised guinea pigs.It shows hepatoprotective action.

It improves non-specific immune response. Although both andrographis and beta glucan effective immune enhancers, Extracts of andrographis,have been shown to stimulate powerful immune responses in living creatures. The immune response may be specific directed at a microbial invader already present in the body, or generally, strengthening the immune system in preparation against future infections. Andrographis strongly stimulates phagocytosis and the production of specific antibodies.

Remedies For

Digestive: Promotes digestionHepatoprotective: Protects the liver and gall bladder.Vermicidal: Kills intestinal worms & support intestineAnti-acne: Protect skin from pimplesAnalgesic: Pain killerAnti-inflammatory: Reduces swelling and cuts down exudation from capillariesAntibacterial: Fights bacterial activity. Although Andrographis appears to have weak direct antibacterial action, it has remarkably beneficial effect in reducing diarrhea and symptoms arising from bacterial infections.Expectorant: Promotes mucus discharge from the respiratory system.Hypoglycemic: Blood sugar reducer.Immune Enhancement.Laxative: Aids bowel eliminationSedative: A relaxing herb, though not with the same effect as the accepted herbal sedatives, valerian roots, hops, skullcap, etc.

Dosage

Andrographis is generally available as capsules with dried herb or as standardized extracts (containing 11.2 mg andrographolides per 200 mg of extract). For dried herb, 500–3,000 mg is taken three times per day. In clinical trials, 100 mg of a standardized extract were taken two times per day to treat the common cold, for indigestion, andrographis may be taken as a tea. A typical dosage of andrographis is 400 mg 3 times a day.

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the lining of the rectum and colon. Ulcers form where inflammation has killed the cells that usually line the colon, then bleed and produce pus. Inflammation in the colon also causes the colon to empty frequently, causing diarrhea.

When the inflammation occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon it is called ulcerative proctitis. If the entire colon is affected it is called pancolitis. If only the left side of the colon is affected it is called limited or distal colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the small intestine and colon. It can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders and to another type of IBD called Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease differs because it causes inflammation deeper within the intestinal wall and can occur in other parts of the digestive system including the small intestine, mouth, esophagus, and stomach.

Ulcerative colitis can occur in people of any age, but it usually starts between the ages of 15 and 30, and less frequently between 50 and 70 years of age. It affects men and women equally and appears to run in families, with reports of up to 20 percent of people with ulcerative colitis having a family member or relative with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. A higher incidence of ulcerative colitis is seen in Whites and people of Jewish descent.

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Patients also may experience
-anemia
-fatigue
-weight loss
-loss of appetite
-rectal bleeding
-loss of body fluids and nutrients
-skin lesions
-joint pain
-growth failure (specifically in children)

About half of the people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis have mild symptoms. Others suffer frequent fevers, bloody diarrhea, nausea, and severe abdominal cramps. Ulcerative colitis may also cause problems such as arthritis, inflammation of the eye, liver disease, and osteoporosis. It is not known why these problems occur outside the colon. Scientists think these complications may be the result of inflammation triggered by the immune system. Some of these problems go away when the colitis is treated.

What causes ulcerative colitis?

Many theories exist about what causes ulcerative colitis. People with ulcerative colitis have abnormalities of the immune system, but doctors do not know whether these abnormalities are a cause or a result of the disease. The body’s immune system is believed to react abnormally to the bacteria in the digestive tract.

Ulcerative colitis is not caused by emotional distress or sensitivity to certain foods or food products, but these factors may trigger symptoms in some people. The stress of living with ulcerative colitis may also contribute to a worsening of symptoms.

How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

Many tests are used to diagnose ulcerative colitis. A physical exam and medical history are usually the first step.

Blood tests may be done to check for anemia, which could indicate bleeding in the colon or rectum, or they may uncover a high white blood cell count, which is a sign of inflammation somewhere in the body.

A stool sample can also reveal white blood cells, whose presence indicates ulcerative colitis or inflammatory disease. In addition, a stool sample allows the doctor to detect bleeding or infection in the colon or rectum caused by bacteria, a virus, or parasites.

A colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy are the most accurate methods for making a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and ruling-out other possible conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, diverticular disease, or cancer. For both tests, the doctor inserts an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube connected to a computer and TV monitor—into the anus to see the inside of the colon and rectum. The doctor will be able to see any inflammation, bleeding, or ulcers on the colon wall. During the exam, the doctor may do a biopsy, which involves taking a sample of tissue from the lining of the colon to view with a microscope.

Sometimes x rays such as a barium enema or CT scans are also used to diagnose ulcerative colitis or its complications.

What is the treatment for ulcerative colitis?
Treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on the severity of the disease. Each person experiences ulcerative colitis differently, so treatment is adjusted for each individual.

Drug Therapy
The goal of drug therapy is to induce and maintain remission, and to improve the quality of life for people with ulcerative colitis. Several types of drugs are available.
Aminosalicylates, drugs that contain 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), help control inflammation. Sulfasalazine is a combination of sulfapyridine and 5-ASA. The sulfapyridine component carries the anti-inflammatory 5-ASA to the intestine. However, sulfapyridine may lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, and headache. Other 5-ASA agents, such as olsalazine, mesalamine, and balsalazide, have a different carrier, fewer side effects, and may be used by people who cannot take sulfasalazine. 5-ASAs are given orally, through an enema, or in a suppository, depending on the location of the inflammation in the colon. Most people with mild or moderate ulcerative colitis are treated with this group of drugs first. This class of drugs is also used in cases of relapse.

Corticosteroids such as prednisone, methylprednisone, and hydrocortisone also reduce inflammation. They may be used by people who have moderate to severe ulcerative colitis or who do not respond to 5-ASA drugs. Corticosteroids, also known as steroids, can be given orally, intravenously, through an enema, or in a suppository, depending on the location of the inflammation. These drugs can cause side effects such as weight gain, acne, facial hair, hypertension, diabetes, mood swings, bone mass loss, and an increased risk of infection. For this reason, they are not recommended for long-term use, although they are considered very effective when prescribed for short-term use.

Immunomodulators such as azathioprine and 6-mercapto-purine (6-MP) reduce inflammation by affecting the immune system. These drugs are used for patients who have not responded to 5-ASAs or corticosteroids or who are dependent on corticosteroids. Immunomodulators are administered orally, however, they are slow-acting and it may take up to 6 months before the full benefit. Patients taking these drugs are monitored for complications including pancreatitis, hepatitis, a reduced white blood cell count, and an increased risk of infection. Cyclosporine A may be used with 6-MP or azathioprine to treat active, severe ulcerative colitis in people who do not respond to intravenous corticosteroids.

Other drugs may be given to relax the patient or to relieve pain, diarrhea, or infection.
Some people have remissions—periods when the symptoms go away—that last for months or even years. However, most patients’ symptoms eventually return.

Hospitalization
Occasionally, symptoms are severe enough that a person must be hospitalized. For example, a person may have severe bleeding or severe diarrhea that causes dehydration. In such cases the doctor will try to stop diarrhea and loss of blood, fluids, and mineral salts. The patient may need a special diet, feeding through a vein, medications, or sometimes surgery.

Surgery
About 25 to 40 percent of ulcerative colitis patients must eventually have their colons removed because of massive bleeding, severe illness, rupture of the colon, or risk of cancer. Sometimes the doctor will recommend removing the colon if medical treatment fails or if the side effects of corticosteroids or other drugs threaten the patient’s health.

Surgery to remove the colon and rectum, known as proctocolectomy, is followed by one of the
following:

- Ileostomy, in which the surgeon creates a small opening in the abdomen, called a stoma, and attaches the end of the small intestine, called the ileum, to it. Waste will travel through the small intestine and exit the body through the stoma. The stoma is about the size of a quarter and is usually located in the lower right part of the abdomen near the beltline. A pouch is worn over the opening to collect waste, and the patient empties the pouch as needed.

- Ileoanal anastomosis, or pull-through operation, which allows the patient to have normal bowel movements because it preserves part of the anus. In this operation, the surgeon removes the colon and the inside of the rectum, leaving the outer muscles of the rectum. The surgeon then attaches the ileum to the inside of the rectum and the anus, creating a pouch. Waste is stored in the pouch and passes through the anus in the usual manner. Bowel movements may be more frequent and watery than before the procedure. Inflammation of the pouch (pouchitis) is a possible complication.

Not every operation is appropriate for every person. Which surgery to have depends on the severity of the disease and the patient’s needs, expectations, and lifestyle. People faced with this decision should get as much information as possible by talking to their doctors, to nurses who work with colon surgery patients (enterostomal therapists), and to other colon surgery patients. Patient advocacy organizations can direct people to support groups and other information resources.

Is colon cancer a concern?

About 5 percent of people with ulcerative colitis develop colon cancer. The risk of cancer increases with the duration of the disease and how much the colon has been damaged. For example, if only the lower colon and rectum are involved, the risk of cancer is no higher than normal. However, if the entire colon is involved, the risk of cancer may be as much as 32 times the normal rate.

Sometimes precancerous changes occur in the cells lining the colon. These changes are called "dysplasia." People who have dysplasia are more likely to develop cancer than those who do not. Doctors look for signs of dysplasia when doing a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy and when examining tissue removed during these tests.

According to the 2002 updated guidelines for colon cancer screening, people who have had IBD throughout their colon for at least 8 years and those who have had IBD in only the left colon for 12 to 15 years should have a colonoscopy with biopsies every 1 to 2 years to check for dysplasia. Such screening has not been proven to reduce the risk of colon cancer, but it may help identify cancer early. These guidelines were produced by an independent expert panel and endorsed by numerous organizations, including the American Cancer Society, the American College of Gastroenterology, the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, and the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America.

DIAGNOSIS OF IBS

How is IBS diagnosed?

If you think you have IBS, seeing your doctor is the first step. IBS is generally diagnosed on the basis of a complete medical history that includes a careful description of symptoms and a physical examination.

There is no specific test for IBS, although diagnostic tests may be performed to rule out other problems. These tests may include stool sample testing, blood tests, and x rays. Typically, a doctor will perform a sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy, which allows the doctor to look inside the colon. This is done by inserting a small, flexible tube with a camera on the end of it through the anus. The camera then transfers the images of your colon onto a large screen for the doctor to see better.

If your test results are negative, the doctor may diagnose IBS based on your symptoms, including how often you have had abdominal pain or discomfort during the past year, when the pain starts and stops in relation to bowel function, and how your bowel frequency and stool consistency have changed. Many doctors refer to a list of specific symptoms that must be present to make a diagnosis of IBS.

Symptoms include
· Abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 12 weeks out of the previous 12 months. These 12 weeks do not have to be consecutive.

· The abdominal pain or discomfort has two of the following three features:
It is relieved by having a bowel movement.
When it starts, there is a change in how often you have a bowel movement.
When it starts, there is a change in the form of the stool or the way it looks.

· Certain symptoms must also be present, such as
a change in frequency of bowel movements
a change in appearance of bowel movements
feelings of uncontrollable urgency to have a bowel movement
difficulty or inability to pass stool
mucus in the stool
bloating

· Bleeding, fever, weight loss, and persistent severe pain are not symptoms of IBS and may indicate other problems such as inflammation, or rarely, cancer.
The following have been associated with a worsening of IBS symptoms
large meals
bloating from gas in the colon
medicines
wheat, rye, barley, chocolate, milk products, or alcohol
drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, or colas
stress, conflict, or emotional upsets
Researchers have found that women with IBS may have more symptoms during their menstrual periods, suggesting that reproductive hormones can worsen IBS problems.
In addition, people with IBS frequently suffer from depression and anxiety, which can worsen symptoms. Similarly, the symptoms associated with IBS can cause a person to feel depressed and anxious.
What is the treatment for IBS?
Unfortunately, many people suffer from IBS for a long time before seeking medical treatment. Up to 70 percent of people suffering from IBS are not receiving medical care for their symptoms. No cure has been found for IBS, but many options are available to treat the symptoms. Your doctor will give you the best treatments for your particular symptoms and encourage you to manage stress and make changes to your diet.
Medications are an important part of relieving symptoms. Your doctor may suggest fiber supplements or laxatives for constipation or medicines to decrease diarrhea, such as Lomotil or loperamide (Imodium). An antispasmodic is commonly prescribed, which helps to control colon muscle spasms and reduce abdominal pain. Antidepressants may relieve some symptoms. However, both antispasmodics and antidepressants can worsen constipation, so some doctors will also prescribe medications that relax muscles in the bladder and intestines, such as Donnapine and Librax. These medications contain a mild sedative, which can be habit forming, so they need to be used under the guidance of a physician.
A medication available specifically to treat IBS is alosetron hydrochloride (Lotronex). Lotronex has been reapproved with significant restrictions by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for women with severe IBS who have not responded to conventional therapy and whose primary symptom is diarrhea. However, even in these patients, Lotronex should be used with great caution because it can have serious side effects such as severe constipation or decreased blood flow to the colon.
With any medication, even over-the-counter medications such as laxatives and fiber supplements, it is important to follow your doctor’s instructions. Some people report a worsening in abdominal bloating and gas from increased fiber intake, and laxatives can be habit forming if they are used too frequently.
Medications affect people differently, and no one medication or combination of medications will work for everyone with IBS. You will need to work with your doctor to find the best combination of medicine, diet, counseling, and support to control your symptoms.

IBS &ITS SYMPTOMS

What causes IBS?
Researchers have yet to discover any specific cause for IBS. One theory is that people who suffer from IBS have a colon, or large intestine, that is particularly sensitive and reactive to certain foods and stress. The immune system, which fights infection, may also be involved.

Normal motility, or movement, may not be present in the colon of a person who has IBS. It can be spasmodic or can even stop working temporarily. Spasms are sudden strong muscle contractions that come and go.
· The lining of the colon called the epithelium, which is affected by the immune and nervous systems, regulates the flow of fluids in and out of the colon. In IBS, the epithelium appears to work properly. However, when the contents inside the colon move too quickly, the colon loses its ability to absorb fluids. The result is too much fluid in the stool. In other people, the movement inside the colon is too slow, which causes extra fluid to be absorbed. As a result, a person develops constipation.
· A person’s colon may respond strongly to stimuli such as certain foods or stress that would not bother most people.
· Recent research has reported that serotonin is linked with normal gastrointestinal (GI) functioning. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, or chemical, that delivers messages from one part of your body to another. Ninety-five percent of the serotonin in your body is located in the GI tract, and the other 5 percent is found in the brain. Cells that line the inside of the bowel work as transporters and carry the serotonin out of the GI tract. People with IBS, however, have diminished receptor activity, causing abnormal levels of serotonin to exist in the GI tract. As a result, they experience problems with bowel movement, motility, and sensation—having more sensitive pain receptors in their GI tract.
· Researchers have reported that IBS may be caused by a bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies show that people who have had gastroenteritis sometimes develop IBS, otherwise called post-infectious IBS.
· Researchers have also found very mild celiac disease in some people with symptoms similar to IBS. People with celiac disease cannot digest gluten, a substance found in wheat, rye, and barley. People with celiac disease cannot eat these foods without becoming very sick because their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. A blood test can determine whether celiac disease may be present

IBS &ITS SYMPTOMS

What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder characterized most commonly by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. IBS causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not permanently harm the intestines and does not lead to a serious disease, such as cancer. Most people can control their symptoms with diet, stress management, and prescribed medications. For some people, however, IBS can be disabling. They may be unable to work, attend social events, or even travel short distances.
As many as 20 percent of the adult population, or one in five Americans, have symptoms of IBS, making it one of the most common disorders diagnosed by doctors. It occurs more often in women than in men, and it begins before the age of 35 in about 50 percent of people.

What are the symptoms of IBS?
Abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort are the main symptoms of IBS. However, symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people have constipation, which means hard, difficult-to-pass, or infrequent bowel movements. Often these people report straining and cramping when trying to have a bowel movement but cannot eliminate any stool, or they are able to eliminate only a small amount. If they are able to have a bowel movement, there may be mucus in it, which is a fluid that moistens and protect passages in the digestive system. Some people with IBS experience diarrhea, which is frequent, loose, watery, stools. People with diarrhea frequently feel an urgent and uncontrollable need to have a bowel movement. Other people with IBS alternate between constipation and diarrhea. Sometimes people find that their symptoms subside for a few months and then return, while others report a constant worsening of symptoms over time.

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME

PMS is also called as premenstrual tension. PMS symptoms are considered to be psychosomatic in nature. It appears every month, 7 – 10 days before bleeding (periods).

There is no underlying abnormality or pathology related to PMS.It occurs regularly in the last half of the menstrual cycle.During the rest of the periods, the women will be free from any symptoms.

PMS causes:

The following are thought to be the causes of PMS –Alteration in the levels of Oestrogen and progesterone at the middle period of the menstrual cycle, causing stress.

Nerve and nerve related chemical factors – Decreased synthesis of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) during second half of the periods is observed in women with PMS.

Withdrawal of endorphins is also thought to be the cause of PMS.

Psychological causes.

PMS symptoms:

Abdominal bloatingBreast tenderness,Swelling of hands and legs, Weight gain,IrritabilityDepressionInsomnia, pain during sexual intercourse,Anxiety, headache, loss of concentration.

Effective tips to get rid of PMS:

Avoid caffeine, salt and alcohol especially during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
Practice yoga and Pranayama.
Avoid waking up till late night during the second half of the menstrual cycle.


Herbal supplement of choice to fight anxiety, stress and irritability – Manasamitram gudika – One gtk two times a day after food along with milk taken especially during the second half of the menstrual cycle gives relief.It contains choicest of Ayurvedic medicinal herbs like – Bacopa monneiri (Brahmi), Ashwagandha, Clitorea ternatea (Shankhapushpi) and Asperagus (Shatavari).
Manasamitram gtk helps to improve concentration, increases memory power and relieves tensions, headache and anxiety.

If associated with PMS cramps, then Sukumaram kashayam two times a day before food gives relief. It acts as anti spasmodic according to Ayurveda. Along with that, it also relieves severe bloating.

ASWAGANDHA

ASWAGANDHA



It is considering as a vathahara drug in Ayurveda. The root of the plant is having the smell of horse, hence the name “Aswagandha” (Aswa = horse, Gandha = smell).

Family Solanaceae
SI Name Withania somnifera



DISTRIBUTION
It is a forest plant in Panchab, J&K, Maharashtra etc. Now a day the plant is cultivated in many states.

RASADI GUNAS
Rasam Tiktham, Kashayam
Gunam Snigdham
Veeryam Ushnam
Vipakam Madhuram

vilwam

Latin name: Aegle Marmelos
Local Name: Bael, bhel, bilwa, belaphal, Bengal Quince
Parts Used: Fruits & Leaves

Distribution:

Bael tree is found throughout India in each and every place.

Introduction:

Bael is a very good source of protein which is 5.12 per cent of the edible portion. Fresh half-ripe Bael fruit is mildly astringent and is used for dysentery and diarrhea. The pulp may be eaten or the decoction administered. Bael is said to cure without creating any tendency to constipation. Bael leaves, fruits and root can be used as tonic and coolant with antibiotic properties ;

Remedies For:
Bael leaves are extremely useful for treating Diabetes, jaundice, cholera and asthma. Bael leaves are made into a poultice and used in the treatments of ophthalmia. Bael Leaf poultice is applied to inflammations - with black pepper for edema, constipation, and jaundice - with water or honey it is good for catarrh and fever.

Bael roots are sweet which cures fevers caused by tridosho, stop pain in the abdomen, the palpitation of the heart, poverty of seminal fluid and all types of urinary troubles and melancholia. Bael roots and the bark of the Bael tree are used in the treatment of fever by making a decoction of them. They are also useful in the disorders of vata, pitta and kapha.

Bael fruits are valuable for its rich nutritive, sweet, aromatic mucilage and pectin contents – very good for all kinds of stomach disorders. Bael Fruits are very useful in chronic diarrhea and dysentery, particularly in the case of patients having diarrhea, alternating with the spells of constipation. Sweet drink (sherbet) prepared from the pulp of the Bael fruits produce a soothing effect on the patients who have just recovered from bacillary dysentery.

The pulp from unripe Bael fruits are soaked in gingelly oil for a week and this oil is smeared over the body before bathing. The unripe and half-ripe fruits improve appetite and digestion (Jain, 1968; Jauhari, 1969). As per Indian Ayurvedic concept this oil is said to be useful in removing the peculiar burning sensation in the soles. Rind is used for acute and amoebic dysentery, griping pain in the loins and constipation, gas, and colic, sprue, scurvy.

Peoples in South India use the juice of bael leaves to get relief from wheezing and respiratory spasm. The leaf juice is mixed in warm water with a little pepper and given as a drink.

DASAMOOLAM(GENERAL)

DASAMOOLAM

Botanical names.

1) Vilva - Aegle marmelos
2) Kashmarya - Gmelina arborea
3) Takkari - Premna serratifolia
4) Patala - Steriospermum colais
5) Dunduka - Oroxylum indicum
6) Brihati - Solanum anguivi
7) Kandakari - Solanum xanthocarpum
8) Prsniparni - Desmodium gangeticum
9) Salaparni - Pseudarthria viscida
10) Gokshura - Tribulus terrestris

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Pacify vitiated tridosha, pain, arthritis, fever, cough, bronchitis, general weakness, neuropathy, nervine weakness, urinary tract diseases and boosts immune power.

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring, inflammatory, hair loss disease that is seen in men, women and children. This condition is commonly manifested by patchy areas of hair loss on the scalp and other body areas. In severe cases, alopecia areata can progress to complete loss of all body hair. While not a life threatening condition, alopecia areata is nonetheless serious because of the psychologically and sociologically devastating effects the hair loss can have on the affected individual.

Under normal circumstances, hair growth in each hair follicle occurs in a cycle. There are three main phases of the hair growth cycle; anagen, catagen, and telogen. Anagen is the active growth phase when hair fiber is produced. This is followed by catagen, a period of controlled regression of the hair follicle. Ultimately the hair follicle enters telogen where it is in a so-called resting state. Alopecia areata primarily affects the hair follicle as it enters the anagen phase. Inflammatory cells of the immune system infiltrate around anagen hair follicles and cause them to stop producing hair fiber.

Studies indicate that the initial event in the development of alopecia areata is the premature precipitation of anagen follicles into the telogen, resting state of the hair follicle cycle. Most commonly, hair follicles exit anagen, enter catagen, and then shed the hair fiber upon entering telogen. The follicles may then proceed back into the next anagen growth phase but, because of the continued activity of the disease, produce poor aberrant hair fiber. Such follicles are described as being in a dystrophic anagen state. Some researchers believe the hair follicles continue indefinitely to oscillate between several rapid cycles of dystrophic anagen and telogen states. Others believe many of the follicles are eventually arrested in telogen.
On alopecia areata info dot com information is provided on alopecia areata and treatments for it. The links to the left will take you to the relevant pages.

Causes of Alopecia Areata
When the anagen hair follicles are damaged, it may result in alopecia areata. It has been observed that anagen hair follicles sometimes enter the telogen state prematurely, causing alopecia. When this condition occurs repeatedly, poor aberrant hair fibers are produced from dystrophic anagen follicles. Scientists have two views on the state of the hair follicles in alopecia areata. Some believe that the hair follicles transit rapidly between dystrophic anagen and telogen stages while another school of thought believes that they are arrested in a state of telogen.
Thus in early alopecia areata, the disruption of the normal hair follicle cycling results in a disproportionate ratio of anagen, catagen and telogen hair follicles resulting in clusters of telogen hair falling off from the scalp and other parts of the body. The hair shafts that fall off appear to have roots that indicate telogen hair follicles. At the periphery of the bald patch are found fractured hairs with sharp pointed tips. They are called exclamation mark hairs because they resemble exclamation marks.

Types of Alopecia Areata
On clinical examination, alopecia areata appears as a smooth bald patch, which at times may further expand in size. Similar bald patches may appear subsequently in other areas. Alopecia areata has been classified into different types according to the severity of the disease and its various forms.

Alopecia Totalis: In this the scalp is affected and all the hair from the scalp is lost resulting in a smooth bald head.

Alopecia Universalis: This is a severe form of alopecia where there is loss of all body and scalp hair including eyebrows, eyelashes, underarms and pubic hair.
Alopecia Areata Barbae: When alopecia affects the hair of the beard region, it is known as alopecia areata barbae.

Reticulated Areata Barbae: In this form of disease, bald patches may not be found but there is hair loss in irregular patterns in a net like fashion. In the scalp, there are regions of hair loss interspersed with areas with normal hair growth. When affected with reticulated alopecia, patients may have hair falling from one region but new hair growth in another region. This phenomenon may for many months or years.

Ophiasis type of alopecia areata shows a band like hair loss. It occurs mostly in the temporal or the occipital regions of the scalp and is therefore more difficult to treat, as most medicines have a delayed action on these areas. Ophiasis type of alopecia is identified by a turban or snake like pattern on the periphery of the scalp. Ophiasis in Greek means serpent and this is how the disease gets its name.

Diffusion Type of Alopecia Areata: In this case, there is a premature cessation of anagen growth, which causes partial hair loss throughout the scalp. No distinct patches are evident. It may not be possible to identify the disease clinically, as it can be mistaken for telogen hair loss, which is diffused hair loss caused by stress, certain physical conditions like puberty or childbirth, chronic illness, or trauma. It is also similar to anagen effluvium, which is hair loss in the anagen stage due to chemotherapy or radiation treatment. In some cases of hair loss on top of the head, it also resembles typical male or female pattern of hair loss or even trichotillo where people pull out their own hair. A biopsy is perhaps the best way to diagnose the disease specifically. Dermatologists also look for the exclamation type of broken hairs as indication of alopecia areata.
Perinevoid Alopecia Areata: This is a relatively unusual type of alopecia areata where spots of skin are found having properties different from the surrounding general skin area. Around these pigmented spots or nevi are found patches having characteristics of alopecia areata

NAIL CHANGES

Clinical Features of Nail Changes
It is the structure of the normal nail that decides the clinical features of the affected nail. The clinical features depend on the localization or severity of the disease. If the proximal part of the matrix is affected, then onychorrhexis or brittle nails and irregular pits are seen. If both the distal and proximal parts are affected then a thinned out nail plate is observed. This thinning may be linked to a compensatory hypertrophy of the root of the nail and may lead to complete destruction of the plate and the nail may eventually be shed.

Nail aberrations, which are clinically attributable to alopecia areata are therefore very varied though they are all expressions of a matrix disease. These nail abnormalities can affect one, some or all nails

Despite considerable work, the causes of such aberrations are by and large still unknown. Some of the common nail aberrations are the following:

Nail pitting: This is the most common nail aberration. The disease causes irregular keratinization on the nails. These irregular keratins fall off from the nails leaving behind depressions or pits.
Onychorrhexis: These are brittle nails having vertical ridges, which sometimes split vertically and peel off.

Onychomadesis occurs when the proximal part of the nail separates from the nail bed, leading usually to shedding. The nail may or may not grow back.
Onycholysis is the separation of the distal part from the nail bed.
Koilonchia: Here the outer surface of the nail acquires both longitudinal and transverse concavity giving it a spoon-like appearance. It is due to thinning out of the nail plate.
Spotting of the lunula is the crescent shaped mark at the base of the nail.
It must be noted that anonychia and scarring have not been observed.

Histology of Nail changes in Alopecia Areata
Nail fragments examined by light and electron microscopy show that nail aberrations are linked to the proximal part. While aberrations are all over the nail plate, maximum aberrations are in the upper proximal while the lower subuangal and the nail bed is almost entirely preserved. The distal part is negligibly affected.

Under light microscopy the nail plate is often seen thinned out but total atrophy is rare. There are wave like bands showing architectural disorder of the corneocyte arrangement. Also observed is parakeratososis of variable intensity. That is, the nuclei are either grouped in centers or distributed evenly throughout the plate. It is noticed that changes are more in the upper part and less in the lower part.

Particularly the upper edge shows disintegration and pits. These pits often look like thin parallel slits giving it a flaky appearance. By and large the subuangal layer is not affected and shows only light parakeratososis

Under electron microscopy the shape of the nail plate looks very clearly changed. The cytoplasm is filled with vacuoles of sizes ranging from 140 mm to 1600 mm. The keratin fibre network also looks changed. Some cells distinctly show fiber rarefaction making them look fibrillary. Lastly, the cytoplasm is sometimes seen to contain nuclei and fragments of internalized membranes. The space between cells is increased from 25-35 mm to 100-850 mm. It is still bigger in some places taking on the appearance of an ampular dilation

As under light microscopy, here also, changes are seen concentrated more in the upper part than in the lower part, with the subuangal layer remaining largely unaffected, sometimes hypertrophic.

Both, light and electron microscopy show that the disease affects the upper or the proximal part of the nail plate in a major way, the lower or distal part in a minor way while the subuangal or the nail bed is largely spared. This sort of preferential localization points to a deep disorder of the matrix keratinization.

Light and electron microscopy also show that nail aberrations can take many forms like parakeratososis, parallel slits and arachitectural disorder. These aberrations are seen even in normal nails. In the case of alopecia areata these clinical features are exacerbated. Sometimes in the normal nails cupuliform dips, corresponding to pits, are seen in the upper part of the nail plate. Therefore histology of alopecia areata does not seem to be very specific and, as such, diagnostic conclusions are difficult to arrive at. However, accompanying histological aspects like changes in the upper part of the nail plate, largely spared nail bed, parakeratososis, parallel slits and pits or dips do argue for diagnosis as alopecia areata.

MY AAYURVEDA: ADATODA VASICA

MY AAYURVEDA: ADATODA VASICA

ADATODA VASICA

Adathoda vasica(large leaves)

Adathoda badomi(having small leaves)

General Information
Botanical Name: Adhatoda vasica, Justicia adhatoda
Common Name: Adatodai, Arusa, Adulsa, Bakas, Malabar Nut Tree
Plant Family: Acanthaceae
History: Adhatoda leaves have been used extensively in Ayurvedic Medicine for over 2000 years primarily for respiratory disorders.

Plant constituents of Adhatoda vasica
Adhatoda contains:

Leaves
*Quinazoline Alkaloids
*vasicine - 45-95% (the mucolytic drug bromhexine was developed from this alkaloid)
*N-oxides of vasicine
*vasicinone
*deoxyvasicine
*oxyvasicinine
*maiontone
*essential oil

The leaf extract, is considered safe and the oil has low toxicity.
Flowers
*b-sitosterol-D-glucoside
*kaempferol
*glycosides of kaempferoland
*queretin
Roots
*vasicinolone
*vasicol
*peganine
*hydroxy oxychalcone
*glucosyl oxychalcone

Other
*odorous volatile principle
*organic adhatodic acid

Action:
*abortifacient [an agent that induces or causes premature expulsion of a fetus (abortion)]
*anti-asthmatic [an agent to relieve asthma]
*antispasmodic [an agent which relieves or eases muscular spasms, cramps or convulsions]
*antitussive [an agent that relieves coughing]
*bronchodilator [an agent to dilate the bronchials]
*expectorant [an agent that promotes the discharge of mucous and secretions from the respiratory passages]
*febrifuge [an agent that reduces or eliminates fevers]
*mucolytic [an agent that thins and breaks down mucus]
*oxytocic [an agent that stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle, facilitating or speeding up childbirth]
*uterotonic [an agent that tones, strengthens and invigorates the uterus or the entire organism giving a feeling of well-being]

Usage of Adhatoda vasica
Adhatoda Vasica was traditionally used by midwives at the time of delivery because of its uterotnoic activity. Due to its anti-implantation activity, adhatoda should not be used while pregnant.

Medicinal Part used: Leaves, roots, flowers and stem bark

Adhatoda vasica is commonly used for:
*Blood Conditions
*bleeding due to idiopathic (unknown) thrombocytopenic (blood does not have enough platelets) purpura (excessive bruising)

Cardiovascular Conditions
*moderate hypotensive activity (lowers blood pressure)
*pulmonary diseases

Female Conditions
*assists uterine involution (rolling or turning inward)
*menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding)
*postpartum (after childbirth) hemorrhage
*uterine stimulant activity

Gastrointestinal Conditions
*dyspepsia
*local bleeding due to peptic ulcer and/or piles (hemorrhoids)

Respiratory Tract Conditions
*acute and chronic bronchitis often combined with the herbs Licorice and Marshmallow for soothing the respiratory tract
*allergic asthma, often combined with the herbs Albizia, Baical Skullcap, Eyebright and Tylophora
*antihistamine effects (the leaves may be dried and smoked to relieve asthma)
*broncho-dilation effects
*emphysema
*obstructive airway disease (chronic) often combined with the herbs Polygala, Grindelia, Euphorbia and Elecampane
*phthisis (wasting of the body as in tuberculosis)
*relieves cough and breathlessness

Other Conditions
*bleeding gums (applied locally)
*diphtheria
*gives relief in pyorrhoea, a gum disease (applied locally)
*intermittent fever
*Tuberculosis (all strains of inhibited by the essential oil)
*typhus fever

Dosage:
Recommended dosage is as follows:

0.5-1.5g/day dried root
1-3mL/day 1:2 fluid extract
Higher doses may be needed for the oxytocic effect during childbirth [to stimulate contraction of the uterine muscle, facilitating or speeding up childbirth]